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Oxygen Isotope Variations of Basaltic Lavas and Upper Mantle Rocks

Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
This chapter summarizes the oxygen isotope geochemistry of terrestrial basalts and their mantle sources, including the conceptual framework for interpreting such data and the phenomenology of known variations. In particular, the first section outlines the motivations for and first-order results of oxygen isotope studies of terrestrial and lunar basalts over the last 30 years; the second section reviews oxygen isotopic fractionations among phases relevant for studying basalts and mantle rocks; the third summarizes variations in ¹⁸O of various crustal rocks that may contribute to the petrogenesis of basalts either as subducted source components or lithospheric contaminants; and the final and longest section describes observed oxygen isotope variations of major classes of terrestrial basalts and related mantle nodules with an emphasis on data generated within the last six years using laser-based fluorination techniques. In the interests of brevity, I do not describe in detail methods for oxygen isotope analysis or changes in ¹⁸O of volcanic rocks caused by sub-solidus alteration; however, these issues are important practical considerations for anyone studying oxygen isotope compositions of basalts and interested readers are directed to the following references: analytical methods: Sharp (1990), Mattey and Macpherson (1993), and Valley et al. (1995); basalt alteration: Muehlenbachs (1986), Alt (1993), and Staudigel et al. (1995).

	GUIDING PRINCIPLES

 
Geochemical studies of basaltic rocks are concerned with (among other issues) identifying subducted crustal materials in their mantle sources and characterizing extent and mechanisms of their interactions with the crustal rocks they intrude. Both aims require geochemical tools capable of discriminating rocks that are now or once were part of the crust from those that have always resided in the mantle. Many crustal materials have oxygen isotope ratios that differ strongly from those characteristic of the mantle because of isotopic fractionations associated with low-temperature weathering and water-rock . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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