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Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry; January 2005; v. 57;1; p. 145-171; DOI: 10.2138/rmg.2005.57.5
© 2005 Mineralogical Society of America
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Microporous Framework Silicate Minerals with Rare and Transition Elements: Minerogenetic Aspects

Igor V. Pekov1

1 Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University 119899 Moscow, Russia, igorpekov@mtu-net.ru

Nikita V. Chukanov2

2 Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast, Russia

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.


   INTRODUCTION
 
The chapter deals with relations between genesis and crystal-chemical aspects of microporous heterosilicate minerals (MHM) with mixed octahedral-tetrahedral frameworks and containing 6 or 5 coordinated transition elements (mainly Ti, Nb, Zr, Fe, Mn, Zn) which have been reviewed and discussed by Chukanov and Pekov (2005).

Natural occurrences of microporous silicates with transition elements are very localized: 113 out 122 known MHM (Chukanov and Pekov 2005, Tables 2Go–4) occur in postmagmatic derivatives of peralkaline rocks. Most of them are known only in this geological setting together with zeolites and zeolite-like beryllo- and borosilicates. In alkaline pegmatites and hydrothermalites, zeolites and MHM may represent up to 90–95% of a rock. Similar diversity and concentrations of microporous silicates are unknown in other geological situations.


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  		Table 2. Composition of structural sites (A, B, C, M) and fragment [T6(O, OH)18] in the following three cases of mineral formation via decationization and hydration in lovozerite-group minerals: kapustinite -> litvinskite, zirsinalite -> lovozerite, and kazakovite -> tisinalite.
 
Almost all chemical elements present in high-alkaline systems can be incorporated in MHM as either species-forming or important components of isomorphous substitutions; these elements enter into the structure either as framework or extra-framework constituents. The following elements are known as species-forming constituents: O, H, Si, Al, Be, B, P, Zr, Ti, Nb, Sn, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mg, Li, Na, K, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Ce, La, Th, W, F, Cl, C; Ta, Hf, Rb; Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, U, Pb, S can be present in MHM with concentrations higher than 1 wt%. In alkaline rocks, relatively high concentrations of some rare elements can be achieved only in microporous minerals thanks to the topological and compositional variety of their structural frameworks and cavities. However, characteristics such as chemical bonds polarization and . . . [Full Text of this Article]




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