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Mineral-Induced Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species

¹ Department of Geosciences
² Center for Environmental Molecular Science
³ Minerals, Metals, Metalloid, and Toxicity (3MT) Graduate Training Program
⁴ Department of Pathology
⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
⁶ Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, U.S.A.

Correspondence: ^* e-mail: martin.schoonen@stonybrook.edu

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

	INTRODUCTION

 
The term reactive oxygen species, ROS, is defined by the US National Library of Medicine (NIH 2006) as:

"Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include singlet oxygen; superoxides; peroxides; hydroxyl radical; and hypochlorous acid. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to nucleic acids; proteins; and lipids."

This chapter explores the role of minerals in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Five different mechanisms by which minerals may promote the formation and transformation of ROS species are explored (Fig. 1). These are:

View larger version (14K):   Figure 1. Mineral-induced ROS formation and transformations. Numbers refer to mechanisms listed in text. [Used by permission of Corey Cohn and Martin Schoonen, Stony Brook University, 2006]

1. Mineral release of metal ions: Metals that are released into body fluids via congruent or incongruent mineral dissolution can act as catalysts. In this mechanism minerals are a source of metals, but are not directly involved in any of the reactions.
   
2. Surface-bound metal-promoted reactions: Insoluble metal-containing minerals can catalyze formation of ROS from molecular oxygen. In this mechanism the conversion of molecular oxygen takes place on the mineral surface, with the mineral surface itself, or adsorbed species, acting as an electron donor.
   
3. Intrinsic or mechanically-induced surface defects: Defects on the mineral surface, either intrinsic to the mineral structure or generated by crushing, can react to form ROS. In this mechanism, highly reactive defects combine with water, molecular oxygen, or carbon dioxide to form ROS.
   
4. Inflammatory cell/mineral interactions: Insoluble particles that deposit in the airways and alveoli of the lung may activate airway epithelial cells or macrophages as a result of binding to the cell surface or engulfment mechanisms that bring the particles into the cell interior; these processes can . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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